You tell each suspect in a separate room that their murder victim has actually survived you are lying. Each suspect smiles as you tell them. Suspect 1 flashes a huge smile with eyes wide-open staring at you. Suspect 2 smiles and their eyes get small as wrinkles and the skin around them bunch together. Which suspect is giving you a fake smile? Your friend is telling a story. During the course of telling the story, they nod their head up and down as if saying "yes".
Has this person just exhibited evidence of lying? Similarly, a person telling a story shakes their head back and forth while doing so. Has this person exhibited a sign of lying? To determine whether someone is lying you'll need to investigate further. There are two primary ways to lie: to conceal and to falsify. In concealing the liar withholds some information without actually saying anything untrue. In falsifying, the liar presents false information as if it were true.
Often it is necessary to combine concealing and falsifying to pull off the deceit, but sometimes a liar can get away just with concealment. Note: not everyone considers concealment to be lying, some believe only the bolder act of falsification is. Some lies are performed flawlessly, with very good liars sometimes there are no clues at all. The polygraph lie detector works on the same principles as detecting behavioral betrayals of deceit, and it is vulnerable to the same problems.
The polygraph exam does not actually detect lies, just signs of emotion. The stronger the emotions involved in the lie and the greater number of different emotions, the more likely it is that the lie will be betrayed by some form of behavioral leakage. In many deceits the victim overlooks the liar's mistakes, giving ambiguous behavior the best reading, collusively helping to maintain the lie, to avoid the terrible consequences of uncovering the lie such as finding out your spouse is cheating on you or your child is doing drugs.
According to Dr. Ekman's definition, a lie is only a lie if someone chooses to mislead another and no prior notification was to given that the person was going to be deceived or given misinformation.
Those who were most accurate were more confident in their ability than others, but overall confidence had only a weak relationship to accuracy. The average don man will have his story down letter-perfect whereas an honest man usually makes little mistakes, particularly in relating a long complex story. Ekman found that facial expression alone enables better than 70 percent accuracy in detecting deception. Many of these expressions are micro expressions.
While the directions you gave may have been incorrect, under Dr. Still, to be completely honest, you would want to disclose that you are unsure. The stakes being high is one of the most important factors which makes it more difficult to lie and increases detection apprehension, which in turn often leads to showing emotional leakage that gives away the lie. A deception clue only answers whether the person is lying but does not reveal what is being concealed.
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