The five layers, from superficial to deep, are skin, subcutaneous connective tissue, a muscular aponeurotic layer, a loose connective tissue layer, and the pericranium. S kin. The skin of the scalp contains sweat and sebaceous glands and usually numerous hair follicles. C onnective tissue. The tissue between the skin and the aponeurotic layers is composed of dense collagenous connective tissue and contains the arteries, veins and nerves supplying the scalp.
A poneurosis. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system of the scalp consists of the occipitofrontalis muscle and its investing fascia. This fascia is specialized to form a tendinous epicranial aponeurosis known as the galea aponeurotica.
The galea continues into the temples, investing the auricular muscles, and terminates by attaching to the mastoid processes and the zygomatic arch. The frontalis muscle is instrumental in movements of the eyebrows and forehead and is an important muscle of facial expression are innervated by the facial nerve, cranial nerve CN VII. L oose connective tissue. A sponge-like layer of loose connective tissue forms a subaponeurotic compartment that enables free movement of the top three scalp layers across the pericranium.
It also contains the emissary veins. P ericranium. The pericranium is the periosteum over the external surface of the skull where the fibrous tissue knits into the sutures. Coronal section of the head. Cutaneous innervation B and arterial supply C to the scalp. Understanding the structure of the scalp is important when treating patients with scalp wounds. Superficial scalp wounds do not gape because of the strength of the underlying aponeurosis, which holds the margins of the wound together.
However, if the aponeurosis is lacerated in the coronal plane, deep scalp wounds gape because of the contraction of the frontalis and occipitalis muscles, which contract in opposite directions. This aponeurotic layer of the scalp is often tightened during cosmetic surgery e. Injury to the fourth layer of the scalp loose connective tissue is dangerous because infection can potentially spread from the scalp through emissary veins into the cranial cavity.
The scalp receives its cutaneous innervation as follows Figure B :. Posterior region of the scalp. Your MyAccess profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'. This div only appears when the trigger link is hovered over.
Otherwise it is hidden from view. Forgot Username? About MyAccess If your institution subscribes to this resource, and you don't have a MyAccess Profile, please contact your library's reference desk for information on how to gain access to this resource from off-campus. Learn More. Sign in via OpenAthens. Sign in via Shibboleth. AccessBiomedical Science. AccessEmergency Medicine. A head injury occurs as a result of trauma to the scalp, skull or brain.
Traumatic brain injuries range from mild called mild traumatic brain injury to severe. The symptoms of a head injury may occur immediately following trauma, or they may develop slowly over several hours or days. Specific types and symptoms of head injuries include:.
The treatment of head injuries depends on the type of injury and the patient's condition. To assess the severity of a head injury, a physician may perform a physical and neurologic exam and imaging tests such as:. Consider seeking immediate medical attention with any form of head injury as the consequences of unrecognized or inappropriately treated head injury may be potenaatially serious. Patients with minor head injuries will be observed and treated for symptoms, including pain medication for headache and medications to control nausea and vomiting.
If you have symptoms of a simple concussion, you should avoid being overly active. Your physician will advise you as to when you can return to your normal daily routine and sporting activities.
More serious, traumatic brain injuries will require individualized and often emergency care, such as surgery to remove blood clots and relieve pressure on the brain.
Please type your comment or suggestion into the text box below. Note: we are unable to answer specific questions or offer individual medical advice or opinions. Some imaging tests and treatments have special pediatric considerations. The teddy bear denotes child-specific content. Please contact your physician with specific medical questions or for a referral to a radiologist or other physician.
To locate a medical imaging or radiation oncology provider in your community, you can search the ACR-accredited facilities database. This website does not provide cost information. The costs for specific medical imaging tests, treatments and procedures may vary by geographic region. Web page review process: This Web page is reviewed regularly by a physician with expertise in the medical area presented and is further reviewed by committees from the Radiological Society of North America RSNA and the American College of Radiology ACR , comprising physicians with expertise in several radiologic areas.
Outside links: For the convenience of our users, RadiologyInfo. Toggle navigation. What is a head injury? How is a head injury evaluated? How is a head injury treated? Which test, procedure or treatment is best for me? Specific types and symptoms of head injuries include: Concussion : Also called a mild traumatic brain injury.
This includes injuries to the brain that are caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another trauma that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. People who suffer from concussions may not always exhibit symptoms that are apparent to others.
Symptoms of raised pressure within the brain and skull include: dilated pupils high blood pressure low pulse rate and abnormal breathing. Fracture: A crack or break in the skull, with or without a laceration to the skin. Symptoms of a skull fracture include: tenderness swelling skull deformity bruising around the eyes or behind the ear clear fluid leaking from the nose or ear.
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